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Review Article
Drug resistant tuberculosis in Africa: Current status, gaps and opportunities
Submitted: 01 February 2018 | Published: 06 December 2018
About the author(s)
Nazir Ismail, Center for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaFarzana Ismail, Center for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Shaheed V. Omar, Center for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
Linsay Blows, Center for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
Yasmin Gardee, Center for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
Hendrik Koornhof, Center for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
Philip C. Onyebujoh, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, South Africa
Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization End TB Strategy targets for 2035 are ambitious and drug resistant tuberculosis is an important barrier, particularly in Africa, home to over a billion people.
Objective: We sought to review the current status of drug resistant tuberculosis in Africa and highlight key areas requiring improvement.
Methods: Available data from 2016 World Health Organization global tuberculosis database were extracted and analysed using descriptive statistics.
Results: The true burden of drug resistant tuberculosis on the continent is poorly described with only 51% of countries having a formal survey completed. In the absence of this data, modelled estimates were used and reported 92 629 drug resistant tuberculosis cases with 42% of these occurring in just two countries: Nigeria and South Africa. Of the cases estimated, the majority of patients (70%) were not notified, representing ‘missed cases’. Mortality among patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis was 21%, and was 43% among those with extensively drug resistant tuberculosis. Policies on the adoption of new diagnostic tools was poor and implementation was lacking. A rifampicin result was available for less than 10% of tuberculosis cases in 23 of 47 countries. Second-line drug resistance testing was available in only 60% of countries. The introduction of the short multi-drug resistant tuberculosis regimen was a welcome development, with 40% of countries having implemented it in 2016. Bedaquiline has also been introduced in several countries.
Conclusion: Drug resistant tuberculosis is largely missed in Africa and this threatens prospects to achieve the 2035 targets. Urgent efforts are required to confirm the true burden of drug resistant tuberculosis in Africa. Adoption of new tools and drugs is essential if the 2035 targets are to be met.
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